SE4-SE5 Sources of association and Yates' correction Quiz: AQA Further Maths, Unit 4

The 20 questions

1. In which contingency table size is Yates' continuity correction applied?

   • 4 by 4
   • Any table size
   • 2 by 2
   • 3 by 3

2. Which expression gives the chi squared statistic with Yates' correction?

   • Sum of (|O - E| - 0.5)^2 / E
   • Sum of (O - E - 0.5)^2 / E
   • Sum of (O - E)^2 / (E - 0.5)
   • Sum of (|O - E|)^2 / (E + 0.5)

3. What does Yates' continuity correction improve in a chi-squared test?

   • Discrete approximation
   • Significance level
   • Sample variance
   • Test statistic

4. How are the largest sources of association identified in a contingency table?

   • Smallest observed frequencies
   • Largest expected frequencies
   • Smallest (O - E)² / E values
   • Largest (O - E)² / E values

5. What does an observed frequency greater than the expected frequency indicate for a cell?

   • Positive association
   • Total independence
   • Negative association
   • No association

6. What does a significant statistical association between two variables prove?

   • Direct causal link
   • Association, not causation
   • Complete functional dependence
   • Identical distributions

7. What is the 1% critical value for a chi squared test with 1 degree of freedom?

   • 6.635
   • 3.841
   • 5.991
   • 9.210

8. A test statistic is 16.67 with 1 d.f. and 5% critical value 3.841. What is the conclusion?

   • Accept H₀
   • Inconclusive result
   • Do not reject H₀
   • Reject H₀

9. A Yates-corrected statistic is 3.24 with 1 d.f. and 5% critical value 3.841. What is the conclusion?

   • Reject H₀
   • Do not reject H₀
   • Reject independence
   • Accept H₁

10. A cell has observed frequency 30 and expected frequency 20. What is its contribution (O - E)^2 / E to the chi squared statistic?

    • 10
    • 2
    • 5
    • 1.5

11. For the same cell with observed 30 and expected 20, what is the Yates-corrected contribution, to 2 decimal places?

    • 4.51
    • 10
    • 5
    • 2.5

12. Compared with the uncorrected statistic, the Yates-corrected statistic is:

    • Negative
    • Larger
    • Smaller
    • Always equal

13. Is a chi-squared statistic of 6.2 significant at the 5% level with critical value 3.841?

    • Inconclusive
    • No, not significant
    • Yes, significant
    • Only at 1% level

14. For a cell with observed frequency 12 and expected frequency 10, what is the Yates term (|O - E| - 0.5)^2 / E, to 3 decimal places?

    • 0.225
    • 0.2
    • 0.4
    • 0.9

15. In Yates' correction, what value is subtracted from |O - E| before squaring?

    • 2
    • 1
    • 0.5
    • 0.25

16. For the 2 x 2 table with observed frequencies 30, 10 in row 1 and 20, 40 in row 2, what is the Yates-corrected chi squared statistic, to 2 decimal places?

    • 15.04
    • 3.01
    • 16.67
    • 4.51

17. A test gives a Yates-corrected statistic of 3.24 (5% critical value 3.841). What is the conclusion?

    • No significant association
    • Strong positive association
    • Proof of independence
    • Significant association

18. A significant chi-squared test links smoking with lung disease. What does this show?

    • Statistical association only
    • Definitive causation
    • Zero correlation
    • Constant variance

19. An uncorrected chi-squared test statistic is 16.67. The 1% critical value is 6.635. What is the conclusion?

    • Retain H0
    • Reject H0
    • Accept H1
    • Invalid test

20. A cell has observed frequency 5 and expected frequency 8. What is its Yates-corrected term, to 2 decimal places?

    • 0.94
    • 0.31
    • 0.78
    • 2.25

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