7.3.1 van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg, Cassibba, Gagnon-Oosterwaal and Li studies Quiz: Pearson Edexcel Psychology, Unit 7

The 20 questions

1. Which research method was used by van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)?

   • Field experiment
   • Longitudinal study
   • Naturalistic observation
   • Meta-analysis

2. In van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988), which attachment type was found to be the most common across the cultures studied?

   • Insecure-avoidant
   • Disorganised
   • Insecure-resistant
   • Secure

3. van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) found attachment variation was greatest in which location?

   • Within individual cultures
   • Between non-Western countries
   • Between different cultures
   • Across Western countries

4. What main methodological benefit does a meta-analysis provide when testing for universal attachment patterns?

   • Cross-cultural sample pooling
   • High ecological validity
   • Experimental control
   • Direct participant observation

5. What primary factor limits the validity of conclusions drawn from a meta-analysis?

   • Ethical guidelines
   • Original study quality
   • Small total sample
   • Low statistical power

6. What is the main purpose of conducting a single-culture attachment study like Cassibba et al. (2013)?

   • Proving biological determinism
   • Measuring adult attachment
   • Evaluating day care
   • Testing cross-cultural generalisability

7. Gagnon-Oosterwaal et al. (2012) studied international adoptees to investigate which primary outcome variable?

   • Language acquisition
   • Motor skills
   • Intellectual quotient
   • Behavioural problems

8. Higher pre-adoption adversity correlates with increased behaviour problems at age seven. Which relationship is demonstrated?

   • Complete independence
   • Positive correlation
   • Negative correlation
   • Direct cause

9. What key factor regarding child care did Li et al. (2013) investigate in relation to development?

   • Timing of entry
   • Staff ratio
   • Location of facility
   • Cost of care

10. Which research design tracks the same children over time to link early child care to later development?

    • Lab experiment
    • Snapshot survey
    • Longitudinal design
    • Cross-sectional design

11. What major methodological issue affects cross-cultural attachment studies comparing data across different countries?

    • Demand characteristics
    • Small sample sizes
    • Unreliable statistical tests
    • Inconsistent procedures

12. Applying the Strange Situation globally without cultural adaptation creates which methodological issue?

    • Social desirability
    • Demand characteristics
    • Observer bias
    • Imposed etic

13. What statistical term describes calculating the average proportion of secure attachments across multiple studies?

    • Central tendency
    • Correlation coefficient
    • Dispersion measure
    • Standard deviation

14. Which measure of central tendency identifies the most common attachment type in a sample?

    • Mode
    • Range
    • Median
    • Mean

15. Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg suggested that cross-cultural variations in attachment types mainly reflect what?

    • Genetic differences
    • Socioeconomic class
    • Child-rearing practices
    • Infant temperament

16. Why does Gagnon-Oosterwaal et al.'s (2012) study on international adoptees have high ecological validity?

    • Real-life settings
    • Artificial lab controls
    • Double-blind design
    • Standardised testing

17. What data collection method did Gagnon-Oosterwaal et al. (2012) primarily use for assessing 7-year-old adoptees?

    • Brain scans
    • Structured interviews
    • Direct observations
    • Parent questionnaires

18. What does a control group of children without day care provide in developmental research?

    • Random sample
    • Double-blind test
    • Experimental manipulation
    • Baseline comparison

19. What methodological issue occurs when unmeasured family factors like income affect study results?

    • Social desirability
    • Confounding variables
    • Observer bias
    • Demand characteristics

20. Which attachment type was most common in all countries studied by van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)?

    • Disorganised
    • Secure
    • Insecure-avoidant
    • Insecure-resistant

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